Servo track having periodic frames of tone field and embedded synchronization marks

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems for sensing a position of a transducer head with respect to a storage medium. One method includes generating a read signal from a servo track stored on a magnetic storage medium. The servo track includes servo frames of magnetic flux transitions forming detectable servo marks, the servo marks forming a tone field of repeating servo marks oriented at a first azimuth angle and a mid-frame synchronization mark incorporated within the tone field, wherein the tone field provides a metric reference for dimensional measurements between features within the servo frame(s). The number of servo marks in the tone field of each servo frame along a longitudinal direction of the servo track before the mid-frame synchronization mark and after the mid-frame synchronization mark varies with lateral position.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The invention and its various aspects relate generally to reading andrecording data from magnetic storage devices, and more particularly toposition detection and servo control methods and systems to assist inmaintaining relative position of a magnetic head to magnetic storagemedia.

2. Description of Related Art

Digital tape-recording remains a viable solution for storage of largeamounts of data. Conventionally, at least two approaches are employedfor recording digital information onto magnetic recording tape. Oneapproach calls for moving a magnetic tape past a rotating head structurethat reads and writes user information from discontinuous transversetracks. Interactive servo systems are typically employed to synchronizerotation of the head structure with travel of the tape. Another approachis to draw the tape across a non-rotating head at a considerable linearvelocity. This approach is sometimes referred to as linear “streaming”tape recording and playback.

Increased data storage capacity, and retrieval performance, is desiredof all commercially viable mass storage devices and media. In the caseof linear streaming tape recording a popular trend is toward multi-head,multi-channel fixed head structures with narrowed recording gaps anddata track widths so that many linear data tracks may be achieved on atape medium of a predetermined width, such as one-half inch width tape.To increase the storage density for a given cartridge size the bits onthe tape may be written to smaller areas and on a plurality of parallellongitudinal tracks. As more data tracks are recorded on a tape, eachtrack becomes increasingly narrow. The tape therefore becomes moresusceptible to errors caused from the tape shifting up or down (calledlateral tape motion or “LTM”) in a direction perpendicular to the tapetravel path as the tape passes by the magnetic head. LTM may be causedby many factors including, tape slitting variations, tension variations,imperfections in the guiding mechanism, vibration or shock to theguiding mechanism, friction variations (mainly at the head), andenvironmental factors such as heat and humidity. These factors affectLTM in various ways. Some may cause abrupt momentary jumps while othersmay cause a static shift. Generally, LTM is unpredictable andunrepeatable.

In multi-head, multi-channel magnetic tape storage systems, randomlateral tape motion is generally a limiting factor in achieving highertrack densities and thus higher user data capacity per tape. In order tomaintain proper alignment of the head with the storage tape and datatracks on the tape, the tape is generally mechanically constrained tominimize LTM and data retrieval errors. Miss-registration between thehead and the data track can cause data errors during readback and dataloss on adjacent tracks during writing.

Various techniques for increasing the track density on magnetic tapeemploy recording servo information on the tape to provide positioninginformation to a tape drive system during writing and/or readingprocesses. Some systems magnetically record a continuous track of servoinformation which is then read and used as a position reference signal.For example, a variety of techniques have been used including dedicatedand embedded magnetic servo tracks, time and amplitude magnetic servotracks, and the like. Other systems may intersperse or embed servoinformation with user data. Exemplary tape drive systems and methods aredescribed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,246,535, 6,108,159,5,371,638, and 5,689,384, all of which are hereby incorporated byreference herein in their entirety.

Other techniques include optical servo systems that follow an opticallydetectable servo track disposed on the media. Optical servo systemsgenerally require additional optical components such as a light source,optical sensor, and the like, which may reduce actuator response andbandwidth, and increase cost to the servo system.

More robust magnetic servo track methods and systems are desired fordetecting the position of a magnetic transducer head relative to amagnetic storage medium, e.g., storage tape, within a media drivesystem.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In one aspect of the present invention methods and systems are providedfor sensing a position of a transducer head with respect to a storagemedium. In one example, a method includes generating a read signal froma read element associated with a transducer head, the read signalgenerated from a servo track stored on a magnetic storage medium. Theservo track includes servo frames of magnetic flux transitions formingdetectable servo marks, the servo marks forming a tone field ofrepeating servo marks oriented at a first azimuth angle and a mid-framesynchronization mark incorporated within the tone field, wherein thetone field provides a metric reference for dimensional measurementsbetween features within the servo frame, the mid-frame synchronizationmark is distinguishable from the tone field, and the number of servomarks in the tone field of each servo frame along a longitudinaldirection of the servo track before the mid-frame synchronization markand after the mid-frame synchronization mark varies with lateralposition. The method may further include determining a number of servomarks in the tone field of a servo frame located before the mid-framesynchronization mark and after the mid-frame synchronization mark fromthe read signal, and determining a relative position of the read head tothe servo track based on the number of servo marks before and after themid-frame synchronization mark.

Another exemplary method includes generating a read signal from a readelement, the read signal generated in response to a servo track storedon a magnetic storage medium. The servo track includes a servo frame ofmagnetic flux transitions forming detectable servo marks, the servomarks forming a tone field of repeating servo marks oriented at a firstazimuth angle and a mid-frame synchronization mark incorporated withinthe tone field servo marks, wherein the tone field provides a metricreference for dimensional measurement of the mid-frame synchronizationmark within the servo frame.

In another aspect, a servo control system for positioning a magnetichead adjacent a surface of a magnetic storage medium for reading a servopattern recorded on the magnetic storage medium is provided. In oneexample, a system includes a head assembly having at least one read headfor reading a servo track recorded on the storage medium and generatinga read signal representative of the servo track, an actuator configuredto adjust the relative position of the head assembly to the storagemedium, and a servo controller. The servo controller is configured tocontrol the actuator based on the read signal, wherein the servocontroller identifies servo frames within the servo track, each servoframe having a tone field of repeating servo marks comprising a metricreference for dimensional measurements and a mid-frame synchronizationmark within the tone field of repeating servo marks, wherein themid-frame synchronization mark is distinguishable from the tone field,and the number of servo marks in the tone field of the servo frame alonga longitudinal direction of the servo track before the mid-framesynchronization mark and after the mid-frame synchronization mark varieswith lateral position. The servo controller determines a number of servomarks in the tone field of a servo frame located before the mid-framesynchronization mark and after the mid-frame synchronization mark, anddetermines a relative position of the read head to the servo track basedon the number of servo marks before and after the mid-framesynchronization mark.

In another aspect, a method for writing a servo track on a magneticstorage medium is provided. In one example, a method includes moving amagnetic storage medium in a longitudinal direction relative to a firstrecording element and a second recording element, wherein the firstrecording element and the second recording element are aligned along thelongitudinal direction and are oriented at different azimuth angles.Current pulses are generated in the first recording element and thesecond recording element to write servo frames forming a servo track,wherein within each servo frame the first recording element writes atone field of repeating servo marks and the second recording elementoverwrites a portion of the tone field with a synchronization mark suchthat the number of servo marks in the tone field of each servo framealong the longitudinal direction of the servo track before the mid-framesynchronization mark and after the mid-frame synchronization mark varieswith lateral position.

In another aspect, a magnetic storage medium including a servo track isprovided. The servo track comprises servo frames of magnetic fluxtransitions forming detectable servo marks, the servo marks forming atone field of repeating servo marks oriented at a first azimuth angle.The tone field of servo marks provides a metric reference fordimensional measurements of features in the servo track. The servo trackmay further include a mid-frame synchronization mark incorporated withinthe tone field. The mid-frame synchronization mark is distinguishablefrom the tone field, and the number of servo marks in the tone field ofthe servo frame along a longitudinal direction of the servo track beforethe mid-frame synchronization mark and after the mid-framesynchronization mark varies with lateral position.

Various aspects and examples of the present inventions are betterunderstood upon consideration of the detailed description below inconjunction with the accompanying drawings and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary storage system including a magneticstorage drive and magnetic tape medium;

FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary servo track pattern for providingpositional information;

FIG. 2B illustrates an exemplary servo track pattern, read head path,and associated read head signal generated from a portion of the servotrack;

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary servo track position calculation from anexemplary servo track pattern;

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary pattern of servo tracks on a magneticstorage tape;

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary write head for recording servo trackpatterns;

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary method for encoding longitudinalinformation into a servo track pattern;

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate exemplary servo track patterns includingerased bands for providing positional information;

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary servo track pattern, read head path, andassociated read head signal generated from the servo track; and

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary servo track position calculation form anexemplary servo track pattern.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various methods and systems for sensing the position of magnetic storagemedia relative to a transducer head and providing calibration and/orpositional information for a servo system, e.g., a primary servo systemor subsystem servo, are provided. The following description is presentedto enable a person of ordinary skill in the art to make and use theinvention. Descriptions of specific materials, techniques, andapplications are provided only as examples. Various modifications to theexamples described herein will be readily apparent to those skilled inthe art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied toother examples and applications without departing from the spirit andscope of the inventions.

Accurately positioning a transducer head with respect to a storage tapeand data tracks within a tape drive during writing and reading processesis one of the main challenges in the area of magnetic storage tapesystems. Generally, a closed loop servo system, deployed by the tapedrive electromechanical system, utilizes an estimate of the relativeposition of the transducer head to the storage tape to align thetransducer head to a data track position. Exemplary methods and systemsdescribed herein gather positional information for the positioning of atransducer head relative to the storage tape by utilizing a magneticallyrecorded servo track having a tone field and synchronization marks.

In one example, a servo track formed longitudinally along a magneticstorage medium includes a periodic (e.g., repeating, but not necessarilyidentical) sequence of magnetic flux transitions forming a pattern ofdetectable servo marks (each period or repeating sequence of servo marksis referred to herein as a “servo frame”). In one example, each servoframe includes a tone field of repeating servo marks separated by aknown distance and oriented at an azimuthal angle. Each servo frameadditionally includes at least two uniquely identifiable features,referred to herein as synchronization marks, distinguishable from thetone field. The identifiable synchronization marks may include, forexample, a servo mark or marks of varying size and/or azimuthal anglefrom the tone field. In another example, an identifiable feature mayinclude an erased band of the tone field. At least one of theidentifiable features, e.g., a servo mark or erased band, is oriented atan azimuthal angle different than the tone field such that the number ofservo marks in the tone field measured along a longitudinal direction ofthe servo track varies with the lateral position of the servo track fromthe first synchronization mark to the second synchronization mark, andfrom the second synchronization mark to a first synchronization mark inthe next servo frame of the periodic pattern.

In operation, a read head follows the servo track and detects the tonefield and the synchronization marks to determine a relative position ofthe read head to the servo track. The tone field provides a referencefor measuring the distance between the synchronization marks, and thelateral position of the servo read head is derived from the measureddistance between successive synchronization marks and the known geometryof the servo-track. In one example, a narrow (relative to the servotrack) servo read element in a drive head cluster detects fluxtransitions in the servo track. The signal developed by the servo readelement provides a sequence of pulses associated with the tone field andsynchronization marks. A controller, e.g., through suitable detectionlogic, identifies the pulse spacing of the tone field and the uniquepulse spacing or other detectable characteristic of the synchronizationmarks and controls counters that measure the distance between thesynchronization marks via the tone field pulses which provide a distancemeasurement reference. The lateral position of the servo head may thenbe calculated based on the measured distances.

The exemplary servo tracks provide a suitable pattern to measureposition directly by measuring dimensions between synchronization markswithin a servo track via a recording head cluster. By monitoringposition with magneto-resistive servo read elements within the clusterof data elements, the mechanical tracking error can be reduced to aphotolithographic tolerance of head fabrication. This may removetracking error components that arise from mechanical tolerances causedby remotely detecting position, e.g., in the case of an opticalVocalizer that monitors position of an optical servo track on the backside of a storage tape. The exemplary magnetic detection of trackposition may also eliminate or reduce the need for calibrating opticalposition to fine alignment fields (FAFs) recorded on the magneticsurface.

Additionally, in instances where optical servo systems may be removed,the mass of the actuator (for translating the recording head) isreduced, thereby increasing the servo system bandwidth and allowing thesystem to achieve higher data track densities. Eliminating optical servosystems also reduces the cost and complexity of the drive system.

Initially, with reference to FIG. 1, an exemplary storage system 10including tape drive 12 and magnetic tape medium 14 is described, whichmay employ exemplary servo methods and systems described herein. Tapestorage system 10 may include a storage system controller 11 forcontrolling one or more tape drives 12 contained within the storagesystem 10 and for controlling other components of storage system 10,such as a tape picker (not shown), which is used to select and load tapecartridges 16 into the tape drives 12. The storage system 10 may becoupled to a host system 20 which transmits I/O requests to the storagesystem 10 via a host/storage connection 22.

The tape drive 12 reads and writes data to the primary storage medium,shown in FIG. 1 as a magnetic tape medium 14 contained within aremovable magnetic tape cartridge 16. The magnetic tape medium 14typically comprises a thin film of magnetic material which stores thedata. The tape medium 14 may be moved by the tape drive 12 between apair of spaced apart reels and past a data transducer to record or readback information. The data transducer head is typically part of a headcarriage assembly capable of being translated laterally to a tape pathby tape drive controller 13, and being responsive to a positioningsystem for maintaining the transducer head adjacent the tape path. Tapedrive controller 13 may thereby translate the transducer head laterallywith respect to the storage medium, e.g., in response to positioninformation from a servo system to compensate for LTM, follow datatacks, and the like. Various actuator devices may be employed to supportand translate the data transducer head in response to read/writeoperations and servo control signals as are generally known in the art.

In one type of tape drive system, one of the reels is part of the tapedrive 12 while the other reel is part of the removable tape cartridge16. For this type of tape drive system, the reel which is a part of thetape drive 12 is commonly referred to as a take-up reel, while the reelwhich is a part of the tape cartridge 16 is commonly referred to as acartridge reel. Upon insertion of the tape cartridge 16 into the tapedrive 12, the magnetic tape medium 14 on the cartridge reel is coupledto the take-up reel of the tape drive 12. Subsequently, prior toremoving the tape cartridge 16 from the tape drive 12, the storage tape14 is rewound onto the cartridge reel and is then uncoupled from thetake-up reel. Tape cartridge 16 may further include auxiliary memory 18as is generally known in the art.

Various exemplary tape drive systems and methods may be used with thevarious exemplary position and servo systems and methods describedherein and include, for example, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos.6,246,535, 6,108,159, and 5,371,638, and U.S. patent application Ser.No. 09/865,215, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference as iffully set forth herein. Those of ordinary skill in the art willrecognize, however, that various other suitable tape drive systems andservo systems (perhaps with some modification that will be apparent tothose of ordinary skill in the art) may be used with one or more of theexemplary systems and methods described.

FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary servo track 100 that may be recorded onmagnetic storage media and provide positional information to a mediadrive system. In particular, servo track 100 may be read by a transducerhead of a media drive to provide detection of the lateral position ofthe transducer head relative to the servo track and magnetic storagetape. The drive servo system may adjust the position of the transducerhead to the storage medium based on the position information.

Servo track 100 includes periodic (i.e., repeating) servo frames 101,with a length dimension, Lf, having tone field 110 and at least twodissimilar, yet identifiable synchronization marks 120 and 122. Tonefield 110 includes flux transitions with constant spacing called servomarks, referred to as the tone field or metric field, oriented at afirst azimuth angle. Additionally, at least one synchronization mark,e.g., synchronization mark 122, is embedded within tone field 110 and ata second azimuth angle such that the number of flux transitions in tonefield 110 before and after synchronization mark 122 of each servo frameof length Lf varies with the lateral position within the servo track100. In one example, the flux transitions of tone field 110 are spacedapart by known distances and thereby provide a direct measurement ofdistance along the length of the servo track 100, e.g., betweensuccessive synchronization marks 120 and 122. In this instance,synchronization mark 120 is oriented at the first azimuth angle, and isassociated with the beginning or start of a servo frame 101, andsynchronization mark 122 is associated with an intermediate point of theservo frame 101 (but not necessarily located at the physical center ofservo frame 101 as discussed below), where a subsequent synchronizationmark 120 indicates the end of the current servo frame 101, and the startof a new servo frame 101. In this manner each servo frame 101, isbounded at the start and end by synchronization marks 120, oriented at afirst azimuth angle, between which is a tone field of a fixed number offlux transitions with constant spacing oriented at the first azimuthangle, and in which is embedded a different synchronization mark 122,oriented at a second azimuth angle.

A read transducer employed to detect the servo track 100 may have awidth that is narrow relative to the servo track width, and such atransducer traces a thin line along the length of, and within the servotrack 100 as it detects the flux transitions of the servo track. Along aline parallel to the center-line of servo track 100, and within servotrack 100, the number of flux transitions in tone field 110 will varybefore and after mid-frame synchronization mark 122 of each servo frame101. For example, moving from left to right through the lower half ofservo track 100, along this line, a greater number of flux transitionsin tone field 110 of servo frame 101 occur before synchronization mark122 than after synchronization mark 122. Conversely, near the upper halfof servo track 100, a greater number of flux transitions in tone field110 occur after synchronization mark 122 than prior to synchronizationmark 122. By counting the number of flux transitions in tone field 110in a servo frame 101 from start-frame synchronization mark 120 to themid-frame synchronization mark 122, and by counting the number of fluxtransitions in the tone field 110 in the same servo frame from themid-frame synchronization mark 122 to the next start framesynchronization mark 120, and by subtracting those counts, a relativelateral position of the read head to servo track 100 may be derived.

In this example, synchronization marks 120 and 122 are illustrated asmagnetic flux transitions forming different identifiable marks similarto the servo marks of tone field 110, but varying in size, andsynchronization mark 122 varying in azimuth angle. In other examples,one or more of synchronization marks 120 and 122 may include otherfeatures identifiable by a read head to demark servo frames and form amid-frame synchronization mark such that the number of tone field servomarks before and after mid-frame synchronization mark 122 varies withlateral position. Such synchronization marks 120 and 122 may beformatted to enhance the detection of synchronization marks, to improvethe resolution of the longitudinal position measurement while minimizinguncertainties arising from noise, signal distortion, and other detectionchannel characteristics.

In one example, servo track 100 is pre-recorded longitudinally along thelength of a magnetic storage tape and is wide relative to a readtransducer width and data track width for a particular media drive.Servo track 100 may therefore provide multiple data track indexpositions across its width to a servo control system. FIG. 2Billustrates an exemplary path of a relatively narrow read transducer ofa drive system along servo track 100 and the resultant read signaldeveloped in the read head (shown below servo track 100). Tone field 110provides a signal with a tone frequency proportional to longitudinaltape speed in the generated read signal and in which are embedded twounique synchronization marks 120 and 122 with distinct frequenciesdifferent from each other, and different from the tone signal frequency.As described, servo track 100 is configured such that synchronizationmarks 120 and 122 occur periodically in distance along the length ofservo track 100. The separation between successive start-frame marks 120defines the length of one servo frame interval Lf and the mid-framesynchronization marks 122 are positioned between start-framesynchronization marks 120 such that the number of tone field 110 fluxtransitions in the servo frame before and after the mid-framesynchronization mark 122 varies-with lateral position. In this example,the first and second synchronization marks 120 and 122 have unique fluxspacing, both of which are greater than the flux spacing of the tonefield.

A suitable controller, e.g., including a suitable signal decoder and thelike, identifies start-frame synchronization mark 120 by its unique fluxspacing and the mid-frame synchronization mark by its unique fluxspacing 122. The controller further determines the spacing betweensynchronization marks 120 and 122 by counting the number of fluxtransitions in tone field 110 there between.

In this example, the servo read head travels along servo track 100 andproduces a continuous sequence of pulses as shown. A peak detectionchannel may process the read signal from the servo head. Additionally,the read head signal may be received by an analog front-end (AFE) chipand converted to numerical data by a suitable analog-to-digitalconverter and detection channel. The digital pulses or numerical datamay then be processed by synchronization mark detection logic configuredto detect intervals between pulses and identify those pulses associatedwith synchronization marks 120 and 122 and tone field 110.Alternatively, the digital pulses or numerical data may be processed bycorrelation detectors or maximum likelihood detectors to identifysynchronization marks 120 and 122 and tone field 110. Various othermethods of processing the read signal, e.g., analog or digital, toidentify the features of servo track 100 will be apparent to those ofordinary skill in the art.

In one example, a one-micron interval identifies the tone-field pulses,and longer intervals identify the synchronization marks 120 and 122,e.g., a 2.0 micron interval identifies the mid-frame synchronizationmark 122 and a 1.5 micron interval identifies the start-framesynchronization mark. Accordingly, the controller identifiessynchronization marks 120 and 122 based on the relatively largerintervals of detected peaks in the synchronization mark signal differingfrom the relatively smaller intervals of detected peaks associated withthe tone field 110.

Servo track 100 is read by a narrow servo read element (not shown)having a width of, e.g., 2 microns, along a read head path as shown. Thewidth of the servo track spans several data track widths and may providemultiple index positions for reading and recording data tracks. In oneexample, the lateral width of servo track 100 is 94 microns and eachwritten data track width is 10 microns such that 8 data track indexpositions are provided within the width of servo track 100.

With reference to FIG. 3, an exemplary servo position calculation isdescribed in detail, which may be carried out, e.g., by any combinationof hardware, software, and firmware associated with a drive system. Whenthe signal from tone field 110 and signals associated withsynchronization marks 120 and 122 are identified, the position of theservo read head within servo track 100 may be determined. The distancefrom start-frame synchronization mark 120 to mid-frame synchronizationmark 122, and the distance from mid-frame synchronization mark 122 tostart-frame synchronization mark 120 of the next servo frame varies withthe lateral position of the servo read head within servo track 100. Asthe servo read head moves downward in the servo track, the distancebetween start-frame synchronization mark 120 and mid-framesynchronization mark 122 increases, and conversely the distance betweenthe mid-frame synchronization mark 122 and start-frame synchronizationmark 120 of the next servo frame decreases. These two distances aremeasured by using tone field 110 as a metric reference, and the twodistances provide information for computing lateral position of theservo read head relative to servo track 100.

In this example, when the servo read head is laterally positioned at thecenter of servo track 100, “Servo track CL,” there is an equal distanceand equal number of flux transitions of tone field 110 (or count pulsesin the read signal) from the start-frame synchronization mark 120 to themid-frame synchronization mark 122 as from the mid-frame synchronizationmark 122 to the next start-frame synchronization mark 121. In oneexample, the value of the position signal may be set at zero for theservo track center CL.

For positions of the servo head above the centerline of the servo track,there are fewer count pulses, N1, from the start-frame synchronizationmark 120 to the mid-frame synchronization mark 122 than from themid-frame synchronization mark 122 to the next start-framesynchronization mark 120, N2. For these positions of the servo head, thecalculation of head position will have a value that is negative. Thecomputed head position decreases linearly from zero as the head positionmoves toward the upper edge of servo track 100.

For positions of the servo head below the centerline of the servo track,there are more count pulses, N1, from the start-frame synchronizationmark 120 to the mid-frame synchronization mark 122 than from themid-frame synchronization mark 122 to the next start-frame mark 120, N2.For these positions of the servo head, the calculation of head positionwill have a value that is positive. The computed head position increaseslinearly from zero as the head position moves toward the lower edge ofservo track 100. In other exemplary computations, a zero reference pointmay include the top or bottom edge of servo track 100.

The position of the mid-frame synchronization mark 122, as detected by aread head within the servo frame 101, advances toward the beginning ofservo frame 101 as the servo head moves upward in the servo-track 100,and mid-frame synchronization mark 122 retreats away from the beginningof the servo frame 101 as the servo head moves downward in the servotrack 100. It will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the artthat the description depends in part on the frame of reference andrelative motion of the read head, servo track, and the like.

The relationship between lateral distance, P, of the head from thecenterline of servo track 100 and the distance between start-framesynchronization mark 120 to mid-frame synchronization mark 122, X1, andmid-frame synchronization mark 122 to the next start-framesynchronization mark 120, X2, is given in Equation 1, where the azimuthangle of the two marks to the transverse axis is Theta.P=[1/(4*tan(Theta))]*(X1−X2)   Equation 1

The dimensions, X1 and X2, are measured by employing the followingequations and methods. In one example, the length of the intervalbetween tone field pulses is 1 micron. The number of tone field pulsesfrom the start-frame synchronization mark 120 to the mid-framesynchronization mark 122, N1, is counted, and the number of pulses inthe tone field from the mid-frame synchronization mark 122 to thestart-frame synchronization mark 120 of the next servo frame 120, N2, iscounted. In this example, the distance from the start-framesynchronization mark 120 to the tone field is 1.5 microns, and thedistance from the mid-frame synchronization mark 122 to the tone fieldis 2.0 microns. X1 and X2 are calculated from these parameters, andEquation 1 is solved for P as follows.X1=(N1+2.5) microns   Equation 2X2=(N2+2.5) microns   Equation 3P=(1/[4*tan(Theta)])*(N1−N2) microns   Equation 4

In one example, the length of the tone interval is not 1 micron, but issuch that a fixed number of tone intervals N, equals the length of theservo frame Lf. In this example the distance from the start-frame mark120, to the tone field is Xsf, and the distance from the mid-frame mark122, to the tone field is Xmf. The dimensions X1 and X2, in this caseare measured by counting the number of tone field pulses N1, fromstart-frame mark 120, to mid-frame mark 122, and counting the number oftone field pulses N2, from mid-frame mark 122, to the start-frame markof the next servo frame. X1 and X2 are calculated from these parameters,and Equation 1 is solved for P as follows.X1=Lf/N*(N1−1)+Xsf+Xmf   Equation 5X2=Lf/N*(N2−1)+Xsf+Xmf   Equation 6P=(Lf/[N*4*tan(Theta)])*(N1−N2)   Equation 7

In one example, X1 and X2 are measured with increased resolution bycomputing dimension intervals between the tone field and thesynchronization marks to values represented by integral plus fractionalparts of the tone interval. The fractional part of the tone interval isrepresented by a number, which may vary between zero and a maximumvalue, G. The length of the tone interval is such that a fixed number oftone intervals, N, equals the length of the servo frame, Lf. Representedin dimensional units of 1/G times the tone flux interval, the length ofa full tone interval is equal to G and the length of the servo frame isN*G. To compute the values of X1 and X2 in Equation 1, accumulators areemployed to add dimension intervals beginning at the start-frame mark120 and ending at the mid-frame mark 122, and likewise beginning at themid-frame mark 122 and ending at the start-frame mark 120 of the nextservo frame. The value of G is added to an accumulator when a tone pulseis detected. When a synchronization mark is detected, the intervalbetween the tone field and the synchronization mark, which is a numbergreater than G, is added to the accumulator. If the flux transitionspacing of the start-frame mark is 1.5 times the flux transition spacingof the tone field, then the value added to the accumulator for thestart-frame mark is 1.5*G. The interval between the tone field and themid-frame mark varies with lateral position of the servo read head, andis bounded by the flux interval of the mid-frame mark 122 and the sum ofthe flux intervals of the tone field 110 and mid-frame mark 122. Whenthe mid-frame mark 122 is detected, the distance between the tone fieldand the mid-frame 122 mark is computed and is a number greater than G,representing the distance in integral plus fractional parts of the tonefield interval. If the mid-frame mark flux interval is 2 times the toneflux interval, then the value of the interval between tone field 110 andmid-frame mark 122 is bounded between 2*G and 3*G, and this value isadded to the accumulator. The resolution of the linear dimensionscomputed by the accumulators is Lf/N*G, the value of the accumulatorwhich sums the dimensions from the start-frame mark 120 to the mid-framemark 122 is N1 and the value of the accumulator which sums thedimensions from the mid-frame mark to the start frame mark of the nextservo frame is N2. X1 and X2 are measured in this manner, and Equation 1is solved for P as follows.X1=(Lf/N*G)*N1   Equation 8X2=(Lf/N*G)*N2   Equation 9P=(Lf/[N*G*4*tan(Theta)])*(N1−N2)   Equation 10

In one example, X1 and X2 are measured with increased resolution byemploying a high frequency pulse generator that is phase locked to thetone field pulses. The pulse generator multiplies the number of pulsesgenerated by the tone field, and is commonly referred to as aphase-locked oscillator, or PLO. The PLO produces a fixed number ofpulses, G, for each pulse of the tone field, and generally providesthese pulses to a counter with finer position resolution than the tonefield. The PLO also provides pulses for counting continuously throughthe synchronization mark regions. The distance between the servo framesynchronization marks may be measured more accurately and with finerresolution by counting PLO pulses between synchronization marks, andwithout adding the distance from the start-frame synchronization mark120 to the tone field (in this example, 1.5 microns) and from themid-frame synchronization mark 122 to the tone field (in this example,2.0 microns).

In one example, the dimensions, X1 and X2, are measured with a PLO byemploying the following equations and methods. The length of the servoframe Lf, is known, and the length of the interval between tone fieldpulses, Xtone, is also known, e.g., 1 micron. The total number of tonepulse intervals between successive start-frame synchronization marks120, N, is constant and equal to Lf/Xtone. The total number of PLOpulses in a servo frame is a constant, N*G, and the length intervalrepresented by each PLO pulse is Lf/(N*G). The number of PLO pulses fromthe start-frame synchronization mark 120 to the mid-framesynchronization mark 122, N1, is counted, and the number of PLO pulsesfrom the mid-frame synchronization mark 122 to the start-framesynchronization mark 120 of the next servo frame, N2, is counted.

The value, N1, represents the distance in PLO pulse intervals betweenthe start-frame synchronization mark 120 and the mid-framesynchronization mark 122. The value, N2, represents the distance in PLOpulse intervals between the mid-frame synchronization mark 122 and thestart-frame synchronization mark 120 of the next servo frame 120. X1 andX2 are calculated from these parameters, and Equation 1 is solved for Pas follows.X1=(Lf/[N*G])*N1   Equation 11X2=(Lf/[N*G])*N2   Equation 12

Substituting the values from Equations 11 and 12 into Equation 1 yieldsP=(Lf/[4*N*G*tan(Theta)])*(N1−N2)   Equation 13

The above solution for the lateral position of the servo head in theservo track arises from distance measurements and general principles ofgeometry. The variables are measured distances represented by the valuesN1 and N2. The position of the servo head is solved by subtracting N2from N1 and multiplying by a constant. The parameters, Lf, N, Theta, andG are constants determined by the geometry of the servo track and themultiplication factor of the PLO. Accordingly, the solution for lateralservo head position is independent of variables such as tape speed andother time dependent parameters. The resolution to which lateralposition is computed is determined by selecting values for Lf, N, G,Theta, and the length of the tone flux change interval along thelongitudinal axis of tape. The resolution may be further improved byaccumulating the measurements of N1 and N2 over multiple servo frames.

In one example, the PLO maintains phase-lock to the average phase of thetone field 110 throughout the complete servo frame Lf. The dynamicresponse of the PLO is constrained to allow high frequency variations inthe phase error signal without losing phase lock and while trackingnormal motion-induced phase variations. The flux transition spacingintervals of the start-frame synchronization mark 120 and mid-framesynchronization mark 122 are selected to provide an integral number oftone-field intervals across these marks thereby allowing the PLO totransition the marks without disturbance. Alternatively, the phase errorof the PLO can be sampled during intervals when the tone field is beingdetected, and held constant during synchronization mark detection.

Additionally, one exemplary method reduces or removes amplitudesensitivity in deriving the track following position signal by providinga continuous read signal, without gaps or intervals when no read signalis present in the detection channel. Since the servo track continuouslyprovides flux transitions that are detected by the servo read head, acontinuous read signal is available for detection to produce acontinuous pulse sequence. The continuous read signal enhances signalprocessing, providing highly reliable signal amplitude regulation. Thereare no gaps in the pulse data stream that must be detected and handledby the system, and which make the detection channel susceptible to noisesources during the time intervals when gaps in the data stream arepresent. For example, a suitable tone field provides a method formaintaining a detection channel with a minimum or reduced bandwidth. Thetone field thus reduces noise by minimizing the channel bandwidth, andmaximizing the out-of-band noise rejection. Additionally, the tone fieldmay provide a detection channel signal rich in amplitude peaks forcontrolling an automatic gain control system. Furthermore, positionresolution may be enhanced by a pulse multiplication ratio of anoscillator phase locked to the tone field pulses in the servo track, orby other length interpolation methods.

Implementation of various aspects of the exemplary methods and systemsmay utilize simple pulse detection and logic circuits as will berecognized by those of ordinary skill in the art, and may be embodied inone or more of software, firmware, and hardware associated with astorage system or media drive system.

In another aspect, exemplary methods and systems for writing servotracks are provided. In one example, the servo track is written by apair of format recording heads that simultaneously record the servotrack. The two heads are positioned longitudinally, one in front of theother, along the longitudinal length of the tape. A first write headrecords a continuous servo track tone field (see, e.g., tone field 110of FIG. 2B) having synchronization marks embedded therein (for example,start-frame synchronization marks 120), and a second head trailing thefirst head periodically over-writes, and therefore replaces, portions ofthe continuous servo track of the first head to create a secondsynchronization mark (for example, mid-frame synchronization marks 122)at a different azimuth angle to the tone field and/or firstsynchronization mark. For example, the second format head writes uniquesecond synchronization marks into the servo track between the firstsynchronization marks written by the first head. The synchronizationmarks written by the second head have a flux spacing and/or azimuthangle that is different from the flux spacing and/or azimuth angle ofservo marks in the tone field, and is also different from the fluxspacing and/or azimuth angle of the synchronization marks written by thefirst head. The two recording heads may create a continuous compositeservo track with regions written by the first head and other regionswritten by the second head. In this manner, the servo track is comprisedof regions which have flux transitions oriented at more than one azimuthangle, and which transitions at multiple azimuth angles occupy the samelongitudinal and lateral dimension of the servo track. The fluxtransitions recorded at more than one azimuth angle do not occursequentially along the longitudinal and lateral axes of tape, but occursimultaneously in single regions or areas defined by these axes. Inother examples, as described below, one (or both) of the synchronizationmarks may include an erased region or band of the servo track.

In one example, the first head has a magnetic gap that is oriented at anazimuth angle of, e.g., 9 degrees from perpendicular to the longitudinalaxis of the tape. The azimuth angle may range, e.g., between 0 and 20degrees. The second head has a magnetic gap that is oriented at anazimuth angle different than the first, e.g., equal but opposite to theangle of the first head. The two heads therefore write flux transitionsoriented at azimuth angles of equal magnitude but opposite sign ororientation from the transverse axis of the tape. In other examples,varying azimuthal angles (including zero) may be used for first andsecond write heads to record the tone field, start-frame synchronizationmarks, and/or mid-frame synchronization marks.

In one example, the position signal derived from the exemplary servotrack and position detection method described is applied in a trackfollowing system for writing and reading multiple data tracks recordedlongitudinally in data bands along side a servo track, between adjacentpairs of servo tracks, or distributed in regions separated by multipleservo tracks. To derive a position error signal useful for data trackfollowing, the digital position signal derived from the positioncomputation as described, is subtracted from a reference position forthe desired data track position. Accordingly, the width of each servotrack spans multiple data track widths and includes multiple index andreference positions associated with data tracks of the databand.

FIG. 4 illustrates multiple servo tracks recorded longitudinally on astorage tape according to one example. Servo tracks 400 are spaced apartlaterally to form multiple regions for data bands 405 separated by servotracks 400. Also illustrated is an exemplary data recording head 416including a set of data write and read elements in a data head cluster417 configured to record and read data tracks between adjacent sets ofservo tracks 400. Data head cluster 417 may include dedicated servo readelements 418 and 419 disposed laterally, at the outermost positions ofthe cluster, configured over servo tracks 400. Servo read elements 418and 419 may simultaneously read and provide position information fromtwo adjacent servo tracks 400 while data is transferred to and from databand 405. In other examples, a data head 416 may include a singlededicated servo read element 418 displaced laterally, or intermittentlytranslate to read an adjacent servo track 400 with a read element indata head cluster 417 and return to data tracks within data band 405 tocontinue reading or writing.

Signals from head 416 corresponding to servo elements 417 and 418 may bereceived by a signal decoder and detector logic as described previouslyto determine positional information. Head 416 may further be coupled toa head assembly and actuator, which in response to the positionalinformation, translates head 416 to a desired lateral position withrespect to servo track 400 and the magnetic storage medium.

In this example, track following misregistration (TMR) error may berelatively small compared to conventional methods because servo positionheads may be included within the data head element cluster. Thus, TMRerrors may be reduced to photolithographic tolerances and thermalexpansion properties of the head and storage tape.

The exemplary servo track format of FIG. 4 includes five servo tracks400 bounding four data bands 405 across the lateral dimension of tape.In this example, servo track 405 has a width of 94 μm and data band 405has a width of 2700 μm. The servo track format, positions, anddimensions are illustrative only; any size, number, and configuration ofservo tracks 400 and data bands 405 are contemplated to accommodatevarious storage systems and desired cartridge data capacity.

In one example, servo tracks 400 are written individually with a writecurrent driver dedicated to each servo track, which allows informationunique for each servo track to be encoded into the longitudinal datafield for that track. Examples of such unique information include theservo track identification number, servo track calibration information,and the like. FIG. 5 illustrates a conceptual drawing for theconfiguration of a format head 500 that may write multiple servo tracks400 as illustrated in FIG. 4. In one example, the first write headcluster 502, having multiple write elements 503, writes multiple servotracks (e.g., 5 servo tracks) simultaneously, with constant frequencytone and with embedded start-frame synchronization marks spaced at theservo frame interval Lf. The flux transitions are recorded at a firstazimuth angle to the transverse axis of the tape. The second write headcluster 504, having multiple write elements 505, periodically overwritesthe tracks written by the first head cluster 502 and creates themid-frame synchronization marks. Write elements 505 have geometry tocreate flux transitions at a second azimuth angle, different than thefirst write head elements 503. Write elements 505 may include readtransducers 506 to detect the flux transitions written by the writeelements 503 for the purpose of accurately placing the mid-framesynchronization marks relative to tone and start-frame synchronizationmarks written by write elements 503. It should be noted that any numberof first write head elements 503 and second write head elements 505,including one of each, are contemplated for formatting a tape with servotracks.

The position in the servo frame where the mid-frame synchronizationmarks are written by the second write heads of cluster 504 arecontrolled to accurately place the mid-frame synchronization marksrelative to the tone and start-frame synchronization marks written bythe first write head cluster 502. One exemplary method to accuratelyplace the mid-frame synchronization marks in the servo frames of eachservo track employs read transducers 506 immediately adjacent to each ofthe write elements 505. Write head cluster 504 may be bonded to a readhead cluster including read transducers 506, or alternatively, writeelements 505 may include read transducers 506 fabricated at the sametime, and on a shared magnetic flux shield with the write elements 505.In one example, the location for read transducers 506 is in closeproximity to write elements 505, and positioned between write elements503 and 505.

The configuration of write and read transducers produced at the sametime, and on a shared shield is common in recording head fabricationmethods. With this configuration, transducers 506 read the tone fieldand start-frame synchronization marks written by the first writeelements 503 as they arrive at the write elements 505. The read signalsfor each servo track are detected by suitable detection channels, andprovide separate control signals to each of the write elements 505 toaccurately place the mid-frame synchronization marks in the servoframes, relative to the tone and start-frame synchronization marks ofthose servo frames. In this manner each servo track with a pattern oftone and start-frame synchronization marks written by write elements 503is separately read at each of the write elements 505 to accurately andindependently place the mid-frame synchronization marks in the servoframes of the separate servo tracks.

The signals from read transducers 506 may be detected in suitabledetection channels to detect the start-frame marks and tone pulses. Whena start-frame mark is detected, a number of tone pulses may be countedto the position in the servo frame where the mid-frame mark is written.When the specific number of tone pulses is counted, write elements 505may be energized to write the mid-frame mark at that position.Alternatively, the pulses of a phase locked oscillator, PLO, that islocked to the tone field may be counted after the start-frame mark isdetected to control the position for writing the mid-frame mark. The PLOmay provide greater accuracy for positioning the mid-frame mark in theservo frame, by providing a multiple of PLO pulses for each tone pulse,and by providing a position count signal that is responsive to theaverage of the detection of many tone pulses.

The cluster of write elements 503 and 505 may be fabricated on a singlewafer with conventional head fabrication techniques. Single waferfabrication techniques may increase the precision and alignment by whichmultiple servo tracks are written to the storage tape. The writeelements 503 and 505 are thereby aligned both longitudinally andlaterally through fabrication.

A programmable pattern generator and pulse generator may be used tocreate intermittent energizing of selective write elements 503 and 505to record one or more desired servo tracks. Exemplary patterns may berecorded in suitable programmable memory and used to generate desiredpulses. Additionally, patterns may be generated by a collection ofsuitable counters and associated logic as is well-known in the art.

The servo tracks thus written may be read at a verification station toassure proper format of the servo tracks. A multiple channel read headpositioned after the two clusters of write elements 503 and 505 readsthe servo tracks written. The read signals are detected in suitabledetection channels for servo track verification. For each servo track, aread transducer and detection channel is provided. In this manner,proper format for the servo tracks is assured.

According to another aspect, the velocity of the storage tape relativeto the recording head may be determined from the exemplary servo tracks.Velocity may be derived from measurements of the tone field, whichinclude known separation distances between tone flux transitions. A tapevelocity signal may be generated from the servo track and used as afeedback sense signal to the tape transport control system. The tapetransport control system may use the velocity information to accuratelycontrol tape velocity, adjust tensions, and the like. In one example,the signal includes the frequency of the phase-locked oscillator, thePLO, as previously described. This frequency may be related to tapevelocity in any number of methods known in the art as a feedback signalto the drive system, e.g., the controller, which drives the reel motorsof the tape drive and the like.

In another aspect, the PLO signal is available as a clock for datachannels. In particular, the signal may be used to clock the write dataat a constant flux density to tape for variable velocity, and as a clockto assist the read detection of data. The PLO signal therefore may beused to implement a data channel architecture with variable data rateand tape velocity, but with constant data density recorded onto thetape.

In another aspect, information associated with the longitudinal positionof the tape may be encoded within the servo track. In one example,longitudinal information is formatted into the servo track by recordinga character of data within each servo frame of the servo track. FIG. 6illustrates an exemplary servo frame encoded with longitudinalpositional information. Note that only a portion of tone field 110 andsynchronization mark 120 are shown for clarity and the exemplarylongitudinal information may be encoded in various servo patterns. Acharacter of multiple bits associated with longitudinal information ofthe storage tape is recorded twice in each servo frame by phase encodingthe tone field flux transitions (servo marks 110) before and after thestart-frame synchronization mark 120. The exemplary phase encodingmethod employed advances the flux transition by a small amount relativeto the tone field spacing, e.g., 0.1 microns, to record a “1” bit, andit retards the flux transition by a similar small amount, e.g., 0.1microns, to record a “0” bit. The character is recorded into the fluxtransitions symmetrically about the synchronization mark to facilitatereading it immediately following the mark for both forward and backwardtape motion.

In this example, the first tone field flux transition on either side ofthe start-frame synchronization mark 120 is unmodulated and the nextadjacent flux-transition on either side is encoded with bit 0 of thelongitudinal character. Moving out from synchronization mark 120, pairsof flux transitions on either side are alternately unmodulated and phasemodulated until bit 3 of the longitudinal character has been encoded. Anadditional parity or error correction bit, P, for error detection andcorrection is included to enhance reliability, and is encoded into afinal pair of tone field flux transitions assigned to the longitudinalcharacter. For example, the first, third, fifth, seventh, and ninthservo marks of tone field 110 on either side of the start-framesynchronization mark 120 are not phase modulated, and the second,fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth servo marks are phase modulated. Inthis manner, each servo frame encodes a 4-bit character of longitudinalposition information, including error correction. Multiple encodedcharacters, which make up a complete longitudinal data field, arerecorded over multiple servo frames. The exemplary phase encoding methoddoes not alter the average spacing of the flux transitions in the tonefield 110. Additionally, encoding methods other than phase encoding maybe used to encode the longitudinal character into the tone field of theservo frame.

The longitudinal information recorded in the servo frame, andspecifically, in tone field 110, is thereafter available for detectionat all track following index positions and for both tape directions. Thelongitudinal character can be recovered either before or after thestart-frame synchronization mark 120 by storing the tone flux-intervaltimings before and after the synchronization mark 120 while reading theservo track, and processing these timings with an appropriate detectionalgorithm. In other examples, the longitudinal character may be storedand retrieved before or after the start-frame synchronization frame orat other locations within the tone field.

In one example, a unique character set is reserved for identifying thebeginning of the longitudinal information field to facilitate recoveryand assembly of the information. Included in the longitudinalinformation is a nonrepeating number, which increases along the lengthof tape, and increments by a value for each successive longitudinalinformation field. The servo band or track number may also be includedto identify the data band at which the recording head is positioned.Additionally, one or more characters may be reserved for use by themedia manufacturer, for servo calibration purposes, for futuredefinition, and the like.

Longitudinal and lateral information from an exemplary servo trackprevents data tracks from being inadvertently overwritten, e.g., byfollowing in the wrong index position or the wrong data band. Forexample, each servo frame may be encoded with a complete character oflongitudinal information. Further, information unique to each servotrack such as track ID, and calibration and control information may bewritten for the different servo tracks. Each data band stored on astorage tape may also be uniquely identified. Synchronization of data totape position by detecting the servo track index and longitudinalinformation encoded in the servo track may advantageously provide forrelatively faster access to precise data positions. Additionally,indicators and sensors for detecting the beginning and end of a storagetape may be eliminated because the beginning and end of tape are definedby the longitudinal information.

According to another aspect, the exemplary servo formats described mayprovide a validity check on the detected position signal. Counting thetotal number of pulses detected in the servo frame may be used tovalidate the position measurement recovered from the servo frame. Adropout in the read signal that removes pulses, or noise induced surpluspulses, may be detected by the system. The system may respond with avalidity flag set to discard the erroneous sample. Additionally, thesequence of detected patterns within the servo frame may be monitored. Avalid servo frame may be identified as one that begins with astart-frame mark, which is followed by tone, which is followed by amid-frame mark, which is followed by tone, which is followed by antherstart-frame mark, and all intervals of which include the proper orexpected number of flux transitions. If this sequence is not detected,the system may respond with a validity flag set to discard the erroneoussample. Finally, a combination of detected pulse counts, and properdetection sequence may be used to identify valid servo frames, withvalidity flags to enhance position signal reliability.

According to another example, a servo track pattern having periodicservo frames separated by short erased regions is provided. In thisexample, the servo frame includes a tone field of repeating servo marksseparated by a known distance and a synchronization mark (e.g.,a-mid-frame mark). In this example, a synchronization mark includes amid-frame mark of different size and azimuthal orientation relative tothe tone field. The mid-frame mark is written on top of the tone fieldof the servo frame, and occupies the same longitudinal and lateraldimensions as the tone field. Similarly to the previous example, theservo track is pre-recorded longitudinally along the length of tape and,and is wide compared to the written data track width to provide multipledata track index positions across its width. FIGS. 7A and 7B illustratetwo exemplary servo tracks and servo frame patterns including erasedbands.

The exemplary servo tracks 700A and 700B include repeated servo framesLf separated by DC erased bands 724. Each servo frame Lf contains aconstant flux interval tone, the tone field 710, which provides a metricreference field for distance measurements as described previously.Within tone field 710 of each frame is embedded a synchronization mark722 that may be distinguished from tone field 710. In one example, theflux space interval of synchronization mark 722 is different than theflux space interval of tone field 710, and the space interval is used toidentify the synchronization mark 722 and tone field 710. In otherexamples, synchronization mark 722 may include numerous flux transitionswith various flux space intervals or the like such that synchronizationmark 722 may be differentiated from tone field 710.

As the servo read head travels along the servo track, it produces burstsof pulses separated by intervals of no (or relatively flat) signal. FIG.8 illustrates a path of a narrow read head within servo track 800, whichis similar to servo track 700B of FIG. 7B, and the resultant read signaldeveloped in the head shown below. The resultant read signal is similarto that described above, but now includes erased band intervals withinthe signal marking the start/end of a servo frame. Thus, in thisexample, erased band 724 and synchronization mark 722 serve asstart-frame and mid-frame synchronization marks respectively for servotrack 800.

The position signal may be similarly derived from the servo track, andconverted to digital pulses by a detection channel. The pulses may beprocessed by a suitable controller to derive intervals associated withtone field 710, erased band 724, and synchronization mark 722 embeddedin tone field 710. In one example, a one-micron interval separates servomarks in tone field 710 and a longer interval of 1.5 microns identifiessynchronization mark 722.

When tone field 710, synchronization mark 722, and erased band 724 ofthe servo track 700 are identified, the computation of lateral positionof the servo read head within the servo track may be determined. Theposition calculations may be similar to those described with referenceto FIG. 3.

With continued reference to FIGS. 7A and 7B, servo tracks 700A and 700B,including erased bands 724, are written by a pair of formatted recordingheads in one example. The magnetic gaps of the two format heads havedifferent azimuth angles and are positioned longitudinally, one in frontof the other, along the length of the tape. The heads are arranged as afirst head, which records frames of the reference tone field 710 andseparated by DC erased bands 724. A second head, trailing the firsthead, periodically over-writes the reference tone field 710 with a servomark 722 recorded at a different azimuth angle and spacing than tonefield 710. The two heads create a composite servo track with bursts ofreference tone field 710 containing servo marks 722, and separated by DCerased bands 724. The bursts of reference tone field 710 with embeddedservo marks 722 form servo frames, which provide a complete set ofinformation for measuring lateral head position as previously described.

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary method for deriving positionalinformation of a read head. The exemplary method is similar to thatdescribed with reference to FIG. 3, accordingly only differences will bediscussed. In one example, the lengths of the servo mark and the DCerased band are selected to provide an integral number of tone fieldintervals, allowing the PLO to transition these regions with no netphase error. Additionally, the phase error of the PLO may be sampledduring the intervals when tone is being detected, and held constantduring synchronization mark and erase band intervals.

The exemplary servo tracks including erased bands may similarly providevelocity information, include encoded longitudinal information, bearranged in various formats across a storage tape, and the like, similarto the examples without erased bands. Additionally, various otheridentifiable features may be included within a reference tone or metricfield to provide longitudinal position information as described. Forexample, various combinations of servo marks, erased bands, and otheridentifiable marks within a reference tone field are possible andcontemplated.

The above detailed description is provided to illustrate exemplaryembodiments and is not intended to be limiting. It will be apparent tothose of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modification andvariations within the scope of the present invention are possible. Forexample, various exemplary methods and systems described herein may beused alone or in combination with various other positional and/or servomethods and systems whether described herein or otherwise including,e.g., optical or magnetic servo methods and systems. Additionally,particular examples have been discussed and how these examples arethought to address certain disadvantages in related art. This discussionis not meant, however, to restrict the various examples to methodsand/or systems that actually address or solve the disadvantages.

1-43. (canceled)
 44. A method for writing a longitudinal servo track ona magnetic storage medium, comprising: moving a magnetic storage mediumin a longitudinal direction relative to a first recording element and asecond recording element, wherein the first recording element and thesecond recording element are aligned along the longitudinal directionand are oriented at different azimuth angles; generating pulses in thefirst recording element and the second recording element to write servoframes forming a servo track, wherein within each servo frame the firstrecording element writes a tone field of repeating servo marks and thesecond recording element overwrites a portion of the tone field with asynchronization mark such that the number of servo marks in the tonefield of each servo frame along the longitudinal direction of the servotrack before the mid-frame synchronization mark and after the mid-framesynchronization mark varies with lateral position.
 45. The method ofclaim 44, wherein the first recording element writes a start-framesynchronization mark associated with a beginning of each servo frame.46. The method of claim 45, wherein at least one of the mid-framesynchronization mark and the start-frame synchronization mark include aservo mark distinguishable from the tone field.
 47. The method of claim45, wherein at least one of the mid-frame synchronization mark and thestart-frame synchronization mark include an erased region of the servotrack.
 48. The method of claim 44, further including providing multiplefirst write elements and multiple second write elements configured towrite multiple servo tracks laterally across a magnetic storage medium.49. The method of claim 44, wherein the different azimuth angles areequal but opposite to a lateral dimension of the magnetic storagemedium.
 50. The method of claim 44, wherein the azimuth angles aredifferent, but not equal and opposite to the lateral dimension of themagnetic storage medium.
 51. The method of claim 44, wherein the tonefield flux transitions and the mid-frame synchronization mark fluxtransition are written at different azimuth angles and occupysimultaneously the same longitudinal and lateral dimension of the servoframe.
 52. The method of claim 44, wherein the position of the mid-framesynchronization mark written by the second recording element iscontrolled by reading the tone field and start-frame synchronizationmark written by the first recording element.
 53. The method of claim 52,wherein the tone field and start-frame synchronization mark written bythe first recording element is read by a read transducer disposed inclose proximity to the second recording element.
 54. The method of claim52, wherein the tone field and start-frame synchronization mark writtenby the first recording element is read by a read transducer that isfabricated on a shared magnetic shield with the second recordingelement.
 55. The method of claim 44, wherein the tone field servo marksare at a known pitch.
 56. The method of claim 44, wherein the tone fieldservo marks are encoded with information.
 57. The method of claim 56,wherein the information is associated with a longitudinal position ofthe servo frame.
 58. The method of claim 57, wherein the tone fieldservo marks are modulated to form tone field intervals that aresymmetrical about the start-frame synchronization mark.
 59. The methodof claim 44, wherein the tone field servo marks are phase encoded withinformation associated with a longitudinal position of the servo frameby displacing selective servo marks of the tone field to createlongitudinal characters. 60-76. (canceled)